The Stigma Of Mental Health - 968 Words

INTRODUCTION The stigma in mental health system is deep rooted and its origin goes back by centuries. The stigma is powerful that it has been codified in federal since last 50 years. But the realization that the stigma attached adversely affects mental health care system is still lacking. The discrimination against mental illness has invaded the systemic structure causing more worries to sufferers of mental illness and their families. While every individual and system is well aware of mental illness and the biggest constraint in its prevention, there is a huge gap between literature and real practice (Kelly et al, 2010). This essay is a reflection on two newspaper articles on schizophrenia to provide a brief account of personal observation, common misconceptions, scientific truth and mainstream issues that needs an immediate attention. PERSONAL OBSERVATION The very right question which I personally believe every individual should ask to them before jumping into any conclusion on schizophrenia is why and how they are different. There is a little difference between schizophrenic people and common mass, although the effects of being schizophrenic are risky as compared to effect of actions by common mass. I am previliedged to spend some time with schizophrenic patients. The actions carried out by them are oriented towards fulfilling their wishes, dreams, wants, etc. But what makes them different is their illness that distorts their actions and lands them into trouble. The factShow MoreRelatedThe Stigma Of Mental Health Stigma1178 Words   |  5 Pages To many a stigma is a disgraceful flaw, that of a negative presence. In mental health this stigma is overwhelming. Approximately 57.7 million Americans experience a mental health disorder in any given year. (National Alliance on Mental Illness) People in dire need of help are not seeking it. Mental illnesses are going undiagnosed. The mental health stigma is having a negative impact on the proper diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. A stigma can simply be defined as a mark of disgraceRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1095 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION The stigma in the mental health system is deeply rooted and its origin goes back by centuries. The stigma is powerful that it has been codified in federal since last 50 years. But the realization that the stigma attached adversely affects mental health care system is still lacking. The discrimination against mental illness has invaded the systemic structure causing more worries to sufferers of mental illness and their families. While every individual and system is well aware of mental illnessRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1992 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica is a country so focused on changing physical health. The real question though is why is mental health being ignored? Mental health is an issue that is ravaging our country from the inside out. Our mentally ill are being stigmatized against just because they are seen more different than the rest of society. Upon further research into the subject it is showing that this issue is beginning with our youth. This discrimination aga inst the mentally ill we are taught leaks into our adult lives whichRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1785 Words   |  8 PagesThe Stigma on Mental Health is an issue I strive to expose daily. I was raised by a parent who suffers from mental health and addictions issues and then had a child with someone with similar issues. More recently I have witnessed my best friend struggle to find support for her eight year old son who has a complex clinical profile. Watching so many people I love struggle daily to receive support and basic empathy, I feel I have become somewhat of an expert on the effects of stigma on mental healthRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1990 Words   |  8 PagesPeople with mental disorders were considered as vulnerable in the society due to the limitations in their rights. Such a situation of individuals cause oppressions as a result of dominant discourse prejudice. The capabilities of people with mental health histories often underestimated by the community . The result of such discrimination is devastating for individuals with mental health concerns. The focus of mental health intervention has undergone changes since its introduction. The treatment servicesRead MoreThe Stigma Associated With Mental Health1641 Words   |  7 PagesMost people with mental health illness feels diminished, devalued, and fearful because of the prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviours that society held towards them. The stigma associated with mental health illness often marginalized and disenfranchises the affected individuals and families in the society, which means that they â€Å"may experience discrimination in areas of health care, employment, education, justice, and housing†(1). The feeling of fear to be discriminated against limitedRead MoreReducing Mental Health Stigma1854 Words   |  8 PagesReducing Mental Health Stigma As a member of college society, what are you doing to prevent mental health stigma? We live in the world where it is a great deal to be accepted by others and get approved, and college is the place where most students rush to get this acceptance. It is a beginning of independence and new experiences for students. Most students leave their house and start the first step of building a whole new future; no parents are there to tell them what is right and what is wrong,Read MoreMental Health And The Stigma Of Mental Illness3249 Words   |  13 PagesConfronting Stigma Related to Mental Illness This paper is an analysis of mental health and the stigma that is associated with mental illness. The reputation accompanying mental illness causes detrimental effects on those with a psychiatric disorder, such as discrimination, poor health outcomes and social suffering. This is partly due to a lack of public education on the matter, along with attributions of violence related to mental illness caused by news reports. A multi-faceted campaign to increaseRead MoreMilitary And Mental Health Stigma2723 Words   |  11 Pages Military Mental Health Stigma SOWK 636 Kari Brown University of Southern California Introduction There is concern about military service members receiving stigma about getting or needing treatment in the area of mental health. Stigma occurs when individuals view others negatively because they have been labeled or identified as having a deviant behavior against societal norms; deviant behaviors such as mental illnesses or diagnoses uncommon or harmful to others. How does thatRead MoreMental Illness And Mental Health Stigma1253 Words   |  6 Pagesa serious illness that affects all aspects of ones life. The omnipresence of mental illness is increasing in our time era. Our society’s mental health stigma is the basis for why countless of people do not receive the needed help, even as their lives begin to crumble. The prejudice faults placed on the one suffering from the disease hold back our efforts to progress with treatments and move positively with mental health. Dr. Kay Jamison was a senior in high school when she began experiencing the

Brian s Altered Mental Health Essay - 1238 Words

Brian’s altered mental health can potentially impact himself and his life. People with altered mental health tend to face stigma and discrimination attitudes towards them at some point of their journey. Studies have shown that these types of attitudes impact on their way of living as it can affect Brian’s own perspective, personal relationships and employment (Nordby, Kjonsberg Hummeroll, 2010, p. 308; Reavley Form, 2011, p. 1086-1091; Nithsdale, Davies Croucher, 2008, pp. 178-181). He may feel ashamed of himself as he feels helpless and losses his control over his life. For example, other people may have to make the decisions and choices for him regarding his treatment, medications and future hospitalisations (Anderson, Fuhrer Malla, 2013, p. 390). His relationships with other people may also be affected by his altered mental health. People around him may feel scared and avoid him completely. It may affect him negatively especially if a person in his family will sh ow those attitudes when he is around. As most of the media reports on people with psychosis are unpredictable, dangerous and violent (Reavley Jorm, 2011, p. 1091). Lastly, he may face stigmatising and discriminating attitudes towards him at work. Employers and employees may treat him differently by giving him hard labour work, restricted duties, refusing time off for medical appointments and advising them to quit. These attitudes may show the lack of knowledge and understanding on mental health. Also, itShow MoreRelatedHow Divorce Has Shaped The Culture And Affected The Future Of Our Children964 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Rutgers University National Marriage Project, â€Å"Divorce is now part of everyday American life† (Sheehan-Johnson Paine, 2013). In Brian Orchard’s 2011 article, A Culture of Divorce first marriages have 45 percent chance of breaking up and second marriages are given 60 percent chance of being unsuccessful (Orchard, 2011). Barbara Dafoe Whitehead and Brian Orchard both agree marriage and divorce have changed due to the relationships within the family structure. Whitehead states, â€Å"Americans beganRead MoreMalari Vaccines And Its Development2347 Words   |  10 Pages Biosec 134-3735 MALARIA; VACCINES AND ITS DEVELOPMENT Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium according to researches done by Center for Disease and Control. It is transmitted by mosquito bites and it is of major public health challenge in developing countries. It disproportionately affects poor people. Majority of malaria cases occur in the poorest countries of the world. (1). The journal, â€Å"The Great Killers; Malaria† compared malaria to tuberculosis, describing it asRead MoreMental Retardation and Child Development2619 Words   |  11 Pagesdisabilities or delays may follow different paths of development. Children with mental retardation have been found to pass through typical stages of development, such as Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, but at a much slower rate. Burack, Hodapp, and Zigler (1998) however, contrast the idea that slowness is the only characteristic of mentally retarded people to be considered, by introducing the study of mental retardation as a â€Å"more comple x enterprise† (p. 3). Today, as a result of recentRead MoreThe Impact of Stress and Its Effect on Society1818 Words   |  8 Pages(Seaward 2012). Most psychologists regard stress as a process involving a persons interpretation and response to a threatening event. In order to manage stressful situations people must first observe the general causes that can lead to stress. The UK’s health and safety executive lists keys stress factors that could be the causes of stress at work, some of which include the demand of a job, the control staff and how they do their job, and the relationship with their colleagues.( Seaward 2012).PerceivedRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism And Child Abuse2202 Words   |  9 Pages While both alcoholism and child abuse are prevalent issues in today s society, alcohol is a more prevalent issue at hand. The Glass Castle clearly illustrates the reality of the effects when adult abuse children, and the everlasting effects it has upon children’s children; domino effect if one must, or vicious cycle that is difficult to break free from. Whatever the case maybe alcoholism and child abuse go hand in hand like fuel and fire, when both combined and united, both are extremelyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Mental Illness3857 Words   |  16 Pagesof severe mental illness. Sometimes this mental illness can take the form of a personality disorder, which at present is considered incurable, or it can take the form of severe depression, for which there are currently many treatments. This paper aims to shed light as to how conditions beyond a person s control, such as mental illnesses like depression or personality disorders can cause these individuals to get into trouble with the law. Methods: Diagnosis and identification of mental conditionsRead More Values of Miss America Pageant Essay2461 Words   |  10 Pagesmatter of minutes, they will be able to soar to the top of the successful empire – men or woman. Finally, handling stress, pressure and disappointment are all applicable qualities one should attain. These are all about attitude. If one has a positive mental attitude, and looks at life that way, they will be much more successful in this area than those who are constantly putting the burden of stress and disappointment on their backs. It is a choice, and an easy one at that. Will you look at the glassRead More Voodooism in Haiti Essays2430 Words   |  10 PagesVoodooism in Haiti Introduction: My Exposure to Voodooism Voodooism is a fascinating way of life. Ever since living in Haiti in the early 1980s, the constant thumping of drums in the twilight has intrigued me. Their melody and rhythm seemed to consume the moist evening air like a pungent odor that will not dissipate. Life is very different in Haiti than it is in the United States, and however odd it seems to Western mentality, I could feel the presence of spirits in and around almost everyRead MoreMental Illness And Depression : How Conditions Beyond A Persons Control?3859 Words   |  16 Pagesbecause of severe mental illness. Sometimes this mental illness can take the form of a personality disorder, which at present is considered incurable, or it can take the form of severe depression, for which there are currently many treatments. This paper aims to shed light as to how conditions beyond a persons control, such as mental illnesses like depression or personality disorders can cause these individuals to get into trouble with the law. Methods: Diagnosis and identification of mental conditionsRead MoreDrug and Music Trend Analysis4070 Words   |  17 PagesMusic, Sampson points out that illicit drugs change the way musicians create music and that the music of the past would not have been created without them. The example he provides of is the popular Beatles song â€Å"Yellow Submarine.† Beatles manager, Brian Epstein, accounts the creation of the idea by John Lennon during an LSD trip in which he spontaneously began drawing a picture of where he, his friends, and band mates lived together; this picture, of course, was of a yellow submarine. Although not

The novel The Bread Givers by Anzia Yezierska Analysis Free Essays

The novel The Bread Givers by Anzia Yezierska tells about a traditional Jewish family immigrating to America and the problems that they face. In the book, Father, Reb Smolinsky, is bothersome and irritating instead of helping his wife and daughters in maintaining the household. His hypocrisy was very cruel. We will write a custom essay sample on The novel The Bread Givers by Anzia Yezierska Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now He married his daughters to men who they loved did not love. Lastly, Father was negligent to his daughter Sara. Although a reader can draw sympathy towards him because he is naive and does not know how things work in the ‘New World’, he shows that he is very mean and cruel throughout the story. Reb Smolinsky was a contemptible individual. First of all, Father’s hypocrisy was cruel and cold. For example, when his daughter, Sara, came to visit the family and her sick mother, after she completed her college education he scolded her. â€Å"A lot from it. She’s only good to the world and not her father. Will she hand me her wages from school like a dutiful daughter should? † (page 248) This was Father’s response to her success. Sara could not even afford to buy good clothing in college. She starved herself just to pay the tuition and rent. There is no way she could have sent her father money. When the doctor arrives to the home later to check on Sara’s sick mother Father introduces his daughters to him. He boasts about Sara becoming a teacher. He says that she takes after himself and that he paid for all of her education. Another example of his hypocrisy is when Father wanted to become some one greater, a businessman. He took the money he got from his son-in-laws and bought a store. When the Smolinsky family found out that the store was a fake setup and that all their money was squandered, they yelled at Father. Mother grabbed Father by the front of his coat trying to shake him out of his calmness. Mother then said, â€Å"Now that the girls are married and no wages coming in, what shall we live on? † (page 124) This was Mothers reaction to the disaster. Eventually the whole family forgave Father for what they saw was a grave blunder. When Sara left home and wanted to become something greater instead of supporting her Father financially for life, he disowned her. He thought she was wasting her time and money on classes and she should put her money into helping the family. Father also wanted Sara to marry Max Goldstein, but she refused to. In his opinion, she had committed several serious errors. Throughout the rest of the story he did not apologize to her for his abusive treatment, yet his family forgave him. Reb is a hypocrite who makes his family feel servile. Another way in which Reb Smolinsky makes readers feel contempt is by marrying his daughters to people who are rich, and not to people who his daughters truly loved. He did this for his own gain and not for the good of his daughters. For instance, his daughter Mashah was in love with a pianist by the name of Jacob Novak. Father did not like Jacob because Jacob’s father did not allow him to visit Mashah before and after one of his important symphonies. In this way Father thought of him as a deserter and did not like him. He would not allow her to see him and marriage was out of the question. Instead, Father got a diamond dealer named Moe Mirsky to marry Mashah. After the marriage Mashah came home one night and told her family that Moe was a fake. He worked at a diamond jewelry shop and borrowed some jewelry to show off. He had now lost that job and had no money. â€Å"Empty-head! Where were your brains? Didn’t you go out with the man a whole month before you were married? Couldn’t you see he was a swindler and a crook when you talked to him? † This was Father’s reaction. He blamed the whole situation on Mashah although he had arranged the marriage. Father only married Mashah to him so he could get some money; there was no true love between them. Father also made his daughter Bessie marry someone she did not love. He made her marry a fish peddler by the name of Zalmon. Zalmon had a good amount of money that father wanted. Zalmon was in his late 50’s and had six small children. The children were to become a great burden on Bessie. Father’s greed landed his daughters in dreadful relationships. Lastly, instead of supporting his daughter Sara throughout her schooling Father outcasted her. Sara Smolinsky ran away from home due to Father’s constant persecution. Sara started to attend school with her own hard earned money. She really needed support emotionally and wished Father came to visit. One night Father came to visit her and scolded her. He told her that she was wasting her time and nothing would amount to her classes. He spat angry words in her face and disowned her. He did this all because Sara refused Max Goldstein, a potential suitor for her picked by Father. Most parents of that time and today would never do such a thing. The responsibility of parents is to raise their children, teach them right from wrong, educate them, and support them emotionally and financially. Father did not do all of this. He might have told her right from wrong and taught her about the Torah, but did so in a very narrow-minded sense. Sara suffered for her father’s self-centeredness and irresponsibility. Reb Smolinsky makes readers feel he is an evil individual. His unethical and disturbing actions would send him directly to jail today. Father treated his family to the point where it became disgusting. He married his daughters to abusive and unconcerned men. He scrutinized every error his family made, but said nothing when he, himself committed a wrong. He was also ignorant of his parental responsibilities. Reb Smolinsky can therefore be classified as a contemptible character. How to cite The novel The Bread Givers by Anzia Yezierska Analysis, Papers

Security Issues And Solution Internet Of Things

Question: Discuss about the Internet of Things for Security Issues and Solutions. Answer: Introduction The computers in the global network are interconnected through TCP/IP is called Internet. Internet changed the way for people from different parts of the world to connect with each other to share, learn and care instantly. Today, more devices used at home for an average household are connected to internet than the number of people at home. Internet of Things (IoT), involves set of devices and systems that interconnect real-world sensors and actuators to the Internet. IP address is the unique ID used to identify each device on the internet. So IoT is internet connectivity of smart objects and embedded system other computing devices with the existing Internet infrastructure. The gadgets used, device application, communication module, data security plays key role in performance, adoption, acceptance and behaviour of the IOT service. Copy of your published research report Summary of discussion The research report published by Federal Trade Commission covers both positive and negative aspects of IoT. On one end the view reflected in report is that regulations around IoT should be done in such a way that it should not adversely affect the benefits of Iot as they believe that IoT can lead to innovation that Supports Smart Living concept (Ungerleider; 2015). They believe that adoption of IoT will lead to increased use of fitness and general health monitoring devices which inherently bring health awareness and overall well being of society. Other view covered in the paper is that IoT should be regulated in early stages before there are cases of losses incurred due to data leakage and misuse. they believe that governance and legislations should be imposed irrespective of the benefits of IoT. They believe that data captured in IoT world is highly sensitive and if hacked by wrong hands then it might be used inappropriately for various decisions by corporate. Examples being insuran ce companies may use one's personal data to decide on insurance premiums, employers may take employments decisions and offer jobs in a biased fashion if they hold sensitive information of a perspective job applicant, financial companies that take credit decisions, housing and mortgage decisions may be influenced by these personal details. We believe that more points can be covered as part of security considerations in IoT world and same will be covered in subsequent sections. Issue not addressed adequately in the report From the discussion in above heads till now and from the research report we understand that IoT is a vast dramatic phenomenon which if used and applied effectively can lead to benefits that could lead to upliftment of human life, social circle and standard of living in general. BUT, from the discussion we also understand that if the technology and security governance applied is not effective then it might lead to security breaches that pose even a greater risk. If this darker side of IoT is exposed (like by misuse of data by cyber-attackers) then it may lead to financial damages or even physical injury. This will break trust of public in technology and benefits that IoT inherently carry and this should be avoided on highest priority. With that context, we will have to drive a way for growth of IoT so that it is win-win situation for Companies (device makers) Pioneering in IOT and their consumers. The research paper does not cover how this win-win situation can be achieved. We will need to do following things to achieve such strategic growth for IoT: Understand the loop holes leading to security issues (Storm; 2015) Device makers to focus on security and remediation to build efficient and robust devices Conduct workshop and Educate people to utilise and make out benefits from IoT offerings Loop holes leading to security issues: Use of weak passwords Unrestricted account enumeration Insufficient access controls Single system with two factor authentication Improperly and poorly configured SSL/TLS Insecure Cloud based interface Lack of account lock feature in case of automated machine attack Insecure Mobile based interface Unsecured data transfer methods Vulnerability to account harvesting leading hacker to guess and penetrate in system Impact of the above mentioned issues and their application/impact in the real world The impact of above mentioned issues is that the IoT products and offerings are mistrusted and have become synonym for breach (Daniel; 2015). This is not conductive to innovation and growth of the IoT segment. Due to this gap we can see the impact that IoT offerings are not adopted by consumers in market. This implicitly hinders the growth of the ioT world, also, users cannot make out value or benefit from the marvellous and up to the mark offering of IoT world. Few examples: Location Tracking Device: (eg to track ones child; people do not use as it might give information to wrong people leading to child kidnapping case) Medical and Heath Monitoring Devices: (people hesitate to adopt as it might leak data to insurance companies thus raising premiums) Vehicle central monitoring: leaked data might lead to Cars and Other Vehicles theft These are just few examples (Greenberg and Zetter; 2015) where in spite of extreme capabilities of IoT product offerings these are not adopted due to high probability of security failure and subsequently threat to consumer. We will cover remediation and solution in subsequent section. Reflection on Learning from discussions As covered in above section for the security issues below are the remediation and learning (Lomas; 2015) from the analysis of research report: Governance protocols for IoT Offerings: The governing agencies should issue legislation for the IoT device manufacturing companies so to cover from following perspective: Usage of proper data encryption methodology Usage of secure network to transfer data Practice Data minimization Encrypted connection for communication Network security and resilience Data privacy extensive Security testing (covers privacy, autonomy and spying) TCP connection may be encrypted with SSL/TL security by design increasing consumer transparency about data usage and re-usage Public awareness Workshops: We should make aware people about the control in place to handle any issues arising out of usage of IoT products Encourage people to centralise and encrypt network so that is is not possible to hack Use software and hardware solutions designed to mitigate IoT vulnerabilities Ready to tackle security breaches (if occurs) and secure essential data immediately Usage of Strong Credentials Avoid sharing extra (unrequired) Personal details with others/ vendors With these guidelines, and with appropriate security measures in every aspect we will be able to harness this most-hyped, emerging technology that will undoubtedly revolutionize the world. Conclusion There is a lot of work being done throughout the industry to make this framework more efficient and robust. There are lots of ideas flowing in from everywhere about how to build new systems using the IoT and many of them have also been implemented to provide some potential benefits. IoT with the wonders it can do , has also equally triggered security and privacy concerns both to the Business and the end users .Best thing, for now, is to educate ourselves in this smart framework and understand the potential benefits and challenges related to the IoT. To mitiage the risks associated with IoT products would require business, governance body and people to work in concurrence towards common goal References Storm, D. (Feb 11, 2015).Of 10 IoT-connected home security systems tested, 100% are full of security FAIL. Retrieved on 16th Sept from https://www.computerworld.com/article/2881942/cybercrime-hacking/of-10-iot-connected-home-security-systems-tested-100-are-full-of-security-fail.html Daniel. (Dec 29, 2015).Wearables IoT Security, Privacy and Safety Concerns. Retrieved on 16th Sept from https://www.appcessories.co.uk/wearables-iot-security-privacy-and-safety-concerns/ Greenberg,A and Zetter,K.(Dec 29, 2015).How the Internet of Things Got Hacked. Retrieved on 16th Sept from https://www.wired.com/2015/12/2015-the-year-the-internet-of-things-got-hacked/ Ungerleider, N. (Jan 27 2015).U.S. Gov't: The Internet of Things Is A Security Disaster Waiting To Happen. Retrieved on 16th Sept from https://www.fastcompany.com/3041532/us-govt-the-internet-of-things-is-a-security-disaster-waiting-to-happen Lomas,N.(Jan 27, 2015).UK Regulator Sets Out Priorities For Growing The Internet Of Things. Retrieved on 16th Sept from https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/27/ofcom-iot-priorities Bauer, M. (2011).Introduction to the Architectural Reference Model for the Internet of Things. Retrieved on 16th Sept from https://www.iot-a.eu/public/public-documents/copy_of_d1.2/at_download/file FTC Staff Report. (Jan 2015). Privacy Security in a Connected World. Retrieved on 16th Sept from https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-staff-report-november-2013-workshop-entitled-internet-things-privacy/150127iotrpt.pdf

Green building in the United Arab Emirates

The Discovery and the Consequential Conquest of America

The Discovery and the Consequential Conquest of America Introduction The colonization of American was one of the key events that took place in America during the 1600. During this time, Britain was much preoccupied with advancing its economic imperialism. The process of colonization of America began with the exploration activities conducted by the European explorers. The Red Indians were among the Native Americans. The arrival of the British colonists in America led to the oppression and exploitation of the native Indian communities.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Discovery and the Consequential Conquest of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The British interfered with the indigenous American civilization, subjected them to forced labor and stringent economic policies. Apart from Britain, other European powers such as Sweden and France also attempted to obtain colonies in America. This paper argues that the colonial elite gained control over natives, indenture s, African Americans, and poor free whites through a combination of decrees and force. Colonization of America During the British rule in the American colonies, many changes occurred, and they were not in favor of the Americans’ interests. The American society became increasingly stratified under the British rule. This led to the development of inequalities, which really affected many inhabitants of the American colony. Slavery, which had begun during the ancient period, became worse. Slavery was instituted in the Trans Atlantic region earlier than in England. The British Empire adopted slavery in the 17th century, when it occupied America. The ancient slavery was different from the one that was later adopted after European occupation of America. The latter version of slavery was based on racism than the former. For instance, black slaves were introduced in America due to insufficient laborers in the plantations. In the second phase of the 17th century, Britain used its terri tories as potential markets. The English also derived some raw materials from the territories that were under their control. The British slave trade was intensified in the 18th century and it coincided with mercantilism, which was prevalent in many parts of Europe. Vast commercial interests motivated European powers to extend their territories through colonization. Mercantilism policies became significant in most of the territories that were occupied by Britain. It was conducted through a partnership between merchants that operated in England and the government. British mercantilism was driven by the need to gain big trade surpluses, in order to accumulate gold and silver. Consequently, mercantilism greatly influenced the Americans commercial activities in the sense that they lost their economic independence considerably due to slavery. This later sparked off the rebellion of these territories. Many merchants engaged in selling slaves because it had lucrative returns.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Slave Labor In America, plantation farming was particularly boosted by slaves. For example, In Virginia and Carolina, slave trade introduced new prospects for commercial development since industrial products were substituted with slaves. In this case, Virginians offered their merchandise to the Westo Indians who supplied them with captives. The Westo realized that selling war captives was more lucrative than hunting. Thus, they devoted much of their time and resources to enslaving captives of war from vulnerable communities such as the Amerindians. The initial English colonizers mainly originated from Barbados. Their major reason for migrating to Carolina was the need to exploit the fertile land and slave labor. In Britain, the British government arranged to get rid of destitute children by exporting them to Virginia in order provide the much-needed labor in the tobacco farms. The English laborers were termed indentured servants. Since the indentured servants did not provide adequate labor in the plantations in Virginia, the British authorities devised new mechanisms for getting extra labor. â€Å"Copying the Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch colonies, the English enslaved Africans on the plantations both in the West Indies and on the North American mainland† (Gallay 46). Keeping of slaves was not a unique venture since many societies also instituted slavery in their commercial and agricultural activities. â€Å"The English rationale for enslavement lay in the belief that captives taken in a just war could be offered enslavement as an alternative to death† (Gallay 46). In the 17th century, the English developed another reason for practicing slavery by declaring that the descendants of slaves were to inherit the status of their parents so that slavery could thrive in future. In America, Interstate slave trade had a positive i mpact on the economy of the seaboard states that had remained poor for long. Many slaves were transferred to the Deep South especially in Virginia where agricultural production was thriving. As the demand for cotton and tobacco increased, many plantation owners acquired more slaves to expand their production activities. Top on the planters program was the spirited scramble for laborers. â€Å"Planters or their agents were stealing servants from under each other’s noses even before they reached the colony; in England, servants who had just indentured for America were being ‘enticed’ to break the contract and indenture for the colony on better terms with somebody else† (Jordan, Walsh and Kirkland 93).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Discovery and the Consequential Conquest of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some indentures were encouraged to flee on arrival and align with new m asters. â€Å"The burgesses decided ‘most severely to punish the seducers and the seduced’ but in the event targeted the servants alone, and they were to be made to serve the full terms contracted with both masters, one after another† (Jordan, Walsh and Kirkland 93-94). In Chesapeake, the frontier circumstances made it possible for labor to generate more profits and wealth at a phenomenal rate for a preindustrial Britain. â€Å"The planters prospered by farming building: by clearing and cultivating new fields and by constructing new fences and buildings† (Taylor 145). The planters fulfilled their material interests at a heavy price. â€Å"The Indians unwillingly paid the highest price by losing their lives and domain to provide the lands essential to farm building† (Taylor 145). In Europe, â€Å"many viewed the enslavement of Native Americans somewhat differently from the enslavement of Africans, though both were subject to racial prejudice by Engl ish who regarded both of them as slaves† (Gallay 47-58). Apart from Georgia, other English colonies enacted various codes that legitimized and supported the exploitation of slave labor. Slaves were handled ruthlessly and their status was not different from that of commodities. In the plantations, â€Å"slaves that tried to dodge their masters were either punished or brutally murdered; hence, they avoided unnecessary resistance† (Shifflette). For example, â€Å"the Virginia March 1660/1-ACT XXII stipulated that if an indentured servant ran away with a black person who was considered a servant for life, the white servant had to serve additional time to compensate a master† (Shifflette). Still in Virginia, the colonial administrators passed a statute that authorized slave masters to administer corporal punishment to their errant slaves since they were serving on permanent. This implies that slaves were handled quite differently from indentured servants. This law dem onstrates that slaves in Virginia did not have any kind of legal protection. â€Å"It was also among the numerous decrees passed towards the end of the seventeenth century that reduced the personal rights of black men† (Shifflette). The manner in which slave masters handled their subjects was not consistent. Living conditions of slaves were influenced by places where they worked. For example, slaves that operated in the farms were overworked. Slaves did not have the chance to have families because this could distract their attention, and they were not allowed to hold religious meetings because this could make them conspire to escape. Apart from Virginia slave codes existed in various states, and they were used for guiding how slaves interacted with their masters. Black slaves that converted to Christianity were never liberated, but the Amerindian slaves that embraced Christianity had better social status.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The above discussion depicts how the English vanquishers inhumanly handled the indentured workers, slaves, and Native Americans. Therefore, it can be concluded that the inhuman practices of the conquerors in North America motivated the thirteen colonies to join forces in order to regain their lost liberty in 1776. â€Å"The American Civil War was also crucial to the life of slaves in the sense that it led to their emancipation† (Clark, Hewitt and Brown 111-155). One of the fascinating issues about the English slavery was the fact that the English began enslaving their own members and as the demand for labor increased, they turned their attention to Amerindians and later Africans. Lastly, the English slavery practices reveal that slavery was not meant to prejudice other races, but to facilitate the English great commercial interests. Clark, Chrsitopher. Who Built America? Volume I: Through 1877: Working People and the Nations History. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. Print. Gallay, Alan. The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717. New York: Yale University Press, 2002. Print. Jordan, Don, Michael Walsh and Don Kirkland. White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britains White Slaves in America. New York: New York University Press, 2008. Print. Shifflette, Crandal. Selected Virginia Statutes Related to Slavery. Virtual Jamestown, 17 September 1630. Web. Taylor, Alan. American Colonies: The Settling of North America. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.

Strategic Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management - Coursework Example â€Å"Performance consensus† according to the journal is a neutral factor that is crucial to both strategic approaches. The size of the firm, influence of the CEO and uncertain operational environment of the company restrain strategy making approach of the firm. Before settling on any particular strategy, it is important to conduct a cost-benefit-analysis so as to determine the combined possible benefits of both rather than focus on one strategy. Dynamic business world demands that organizations utilize emergent strategy, which makes performance consensus a significant success driver in the implementation thereof. In concurrence with the journal, it is true that utilizing the relevant strategy ensures flexibility of managers. The article facilitates the process of strategy formulation in firms by providing adequate information needed for the entire process. Mintzberg, H 1990, â€Å"The design school: reconsidering the basic premises of strategic management,† Strategic M anagement Journal, Vol. 11, PP 171-195. ... The author critically examines the design school model exposing its strengths and weakness. According to this design, leadership in an organization has the responsibility of determining organizational goals and essential tasks that must be undertaken to achieve the desired position of the firm. In this school of thought, the following premises hold: strategy formulation should be a managed and cognizant process. Second, the main strategist is the CEO, the model used must be straightforward, the strategy should be exclusive, the strategies should be communicated and they become implemented after complete formulation. The authors argue that the design school model is riddled with false assumptions and is often out of context. Both relevant structure and strategy determine organizational success. Despite many criticisms about the design school model, it still remains popular with many organisations and provides useful understanding into managerial concepts and practices. However, it is most likely to be outdated, particularly concerning modern business application. Ansoff, H 1991, â€Å"Critique of Henry Mintzberg's 'The design school: reconsidering the basic premises of strategic management’,† Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, PP 449-461. Ansoff in 1991 assessed Mintzberg’s (1990) critique of the ‘design school’ of strategic management based on two conditions: procedural reliability and factual authenticity. In his work, Mintzberg critique lacks both criteria. His own suggestion for the fundamental philosophy of strategic management falls in the same analytical criteria. According to Ansoff, Mintzberg’s clarification lacks methodology and his descriptive as well as prescriptive affirmations are contradictory to the contemporary management practices.

Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tort - Essay Example Most tort cases occur due to negligence. This is where a person causing the harm did not do it with ill intentions. However, the neglect that came into play led to the suffering of another. This paper will review some tort risks that arose in the product liability video and tort violations from the video. Product liability is where the manufactured products of any company may cause harm to their consumers. Negligence that may have taken place in the company at the time of manufacture may be the cause of this. They are liable for law suits from those affected. They then have to pay for damages through monetary compensation (Currie & Cameron, 2000). This is if the affected party can prove beyond doubt that they were harmed by the product consumption. Tort risks that may arise from the product liability video include medical malpractice, and automobile accidents. These risks may bring harm to consumers and customers involved with the products produced by these companies. The negligence that may occur during the manufacture of some of these products can cause law suits for product liability (Currie & Cameron, 2000). Consumers have a right to safe products. But a good question arises about the safety of products, â€Å"how safe is safe enough?† The answer is often given by the manufacturer about their product to convince consumers of safety. However, if problems arise after the consumption of such products, it is usually termed as a breach of contract. This is because the manufacturer promised safety, but failed to deliver on that promise (Deakin, 2008). This is equated to a breach of contract. They are, therefore, liable for a lawsuit from the person affected. Today, a breach of any contract is often termed as a tort, or a civil wrong. A tort violation in the video is product malfunction. This is where a fully manufactured product ceases to function normally. The result of this is personal injury to the consumer of that product. It is the job of

Internet Censorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Internet Censorship - Research Paper Example nizations and individuals practice internet censorship because of maintaining the morality in the society, requirement by religion, to conserve the culture of the society, due to authoritative command or due to the requirement by law. There diverse opinions about internet censorship among the people of the modern whereby some support it at the same time others opposing it (Deibert 76). In addition, the degree of internet censorship varies from one country to another or from one organization to another. Some have got suppressed rules on internet censorship while others have extreme legal restrictions whereby even basic information like news that should be passed to the public is suppressed. Moreover, it occurs when sensitive occasions or activities are anticipated to take place. Such events include general elections in various countries to elect new leaders, protests and riots against something. Such censorship is meant not stir incitement among the public to cause more harm during such events. Other fields of censorship are done to protect the legal right to control written work, prevent offensive language against someone and to protect people from getting exposed to disturbing scenes that may cause psychological torture. Most occasions that require internet censorship are related to online censorship that is applied to media and internet. The existing difference between the two is that the limits of a nation sometimes can leak. People can get data which is prohibited in their own country other countries where the same information is not restricted. Therefore, internet censorship must be fully implemented and enforced to ensure there is no access of such information at all. To ensure that this is achieved then sites that should not accessed are completely blocked or only the information that should be communicated to people is filtered. Filtering information or blocking is implemented by use of blacklisting and intensive scrutinization of information that is

Security Within International Relations

Security Within International Relations Within the international system there is a disagreement on whether security should focus on the individual, national or international basis. In this essay the concept of security from some of the different perspectives within International Relations will be discussed. The hegemonic theory of International Relations is realism, it is also central in the debate about security. Throughout the Cold War the concept of security was dominated by national security, and mainly concerned with military capabilities. Since the end of the cold war the notion of security has begun to change, with many other security issues coming to the for front such as human security which encourages policy makers to think about international security as more than the military defence of a states interests and territory.(Paris 2001) The idea of human security is to shift the central argument to the debate on security away from states and to focus on threats to humans within the states. Outlined will be some of the threats facing human security but also the debates that surround its concept, and whether it should be a part of the International Relations discipline. Also within this essay environmental change as a security issue will be discussed. There is mounting evidence tha t suggests that we are in danger of undermining all of our own individual security and also on the larger scale that of national security, and international or global security Security is a relative freedom from war, coupled with a relative high expectation that defeat will not be a consequence of any war that should occur.(Bellany 1981) This traditionally defines a realist perspective on what security is. Realism has its foundations in philosophies of Thucydides and Machiavelli the strong do as they will, the weak accept as they must. Realist theory is based on the state of anarchy within the international system. States are independent units in a power struggle against other states. With no overriding authority the state is the main actor in the international realm, therefore states have to gain power. For most realists power is the defining feature.(Collins 2007) Power is gained by building up the military and securing your land and the threat of from other states. States are rational actors also and will only make decisions on the basis of their own capabilities of achieving the best outcome for the state. Realists assess other states power relative to the statement of their military capabilities. Realists want to keep a status quo and a balance of power, during the Cold War the nuclear weapons face off between t he USA and USSR was realism working in the system. Although there was proxy wars in Asia during this time it was relatively stable otherwise on the international scale because of the balance of power being exercised. Security has been seen as a priority obligation to the state governments.(Baylis Smith Owen, 2011) The introduction of neo/structural realism and that of Kenneth Waltzs Theory of International Politics (1979) sees a real shift in the realist theory. Waltz argues that states have two options of acquiring power and defending itself from attack, one is to balance the state with others and forming alliances with states also so they have more resources to draw on, this is known as external balancing. Two is that of internal balancing of the states economic capabilities and formation of bigger military forces. (Waltz 1979)This competition between states, which is a source of a lot of conflict, is known as the security dilemma (Baylis, Smith and Owen2011). The fact that some states may cheat limits cooperation because realist believe that states are fearful that others wont engage honestly and that cheating is always a possibility. States are only concerned with relative gains rather than absolute. Relative gains are gains that are higher than that of the state you are cooperating with. With absolute gains there are only the benefits of cooperation and mutuality between states. Realism does not see this so much as an advantage, as mentioned before the chance of other states cheating to maximise their own gains is high this can lead to a mistrust between states . States are sovereign political units and are not prepared to engage in long term accommodation or co-operation.(TTSRL,2007) Realism as explained is state centric, and believes in the idea of self help in the struggle for power and survival in the international system. This is a narrow concept of security as most security issues happen within state instead of between states; realism does not take responsibility of securing the people within the state. This opens up the realm of human security. The objective of human security is to safe guard the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfilment .(UN Commission on Human security 2003) Human security is a concept that emerged in the early 1990s with the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Berlin wall a new era for international relations had begun. Human security wanted to engage and broaden the security agenda. After the cold war the emphasis on human rights and humanitarian intervention was seen because of the spread of democratisation. (Baylis, Smith and Owen 2011) This meant that if a state was violating human rights the international community could intervene. This was a huge step that allowed to the idea of human security to really unravel, it showed that threats could come in a variety of ways and we needed new ways to combat them. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) reveals that there are four features to human security. One is that it is a universal concern, that it affects everybody, two the components of the concept are interdependent, three human security can be ensured through early prevention and four as already mentioned the referent ob ject has changed from states to people/individuals.(UNDP 1994) The types of threats that human security engages are quite broad from the physical safety of an individual to their psychological well-being.(Paris,2001) Freedom from want or freedom from fear, this has been part of the debate surrounding the concept human security. Freedom from want is refers to a non-military threat more to the point of poverty, environmental degradation and disease. Freedom of fear refers to the more traditional types of insecurity like that of armed conflicts. Within these conflicts the insecurity of child soldiers, landmines, or any other violence against the individual. What is its primary focus? According to the Human Security Report 2005 it is both, they overlap. The report recognises development as a necessary condition for human security and that security is a condition for human development. (Human security report, 2005:155) The direct consequence of armed conflict is that of death and injury. The cost of life associated with the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo let it be direct or indirect surpasses the casualties sustained by Britain in the first and second world wars combined.(UNDP 2005:A12) The outrage at this is that the victims of these recent wars are mostly civilians and many of these victims are women ,children, elderly and the sick.(gendering human secuity2001:18) Child soldiers are still a major issue in armed conflicts today. In one study 75% of armed conflicts involve child soldiers (human security report, 2005:35). This is quite alarming and is against the human rights of the child. Also the fear of landmines a cause of great insecurity, there are 80 million that still have not been detected and that someone steps on a landmine every 28 seconds, and 80% of those injured or killed are civilians (Keohler.S 2007). These are very serious threats against humans and leaves populations living in fear of conflicts that can have devastating results. Wars affect women in a different way. Women become the victims of rape torture and sexual slavery. Recent conflicts use rape and torture as an instrument of war to measure fear and control. During the 1994 genocide in Rwan da estimates of 250,000 and 500.000 women were raped, nowadays this crime is recognised as one against humanity. (Rhen.E Sirleaf.E.J 2002:9) Women also get caught up in human trafficking, or forced to work in the sex trade and this can result in women being degraded and exploited during times of conflict. Armed conflict may be the cause of horrific acts of violence on individuals but it can also create bigger problems in non-violent threat to human security. Poverty, hunger and outbreaks of disease in recent times have become the bigger part of the problem and are much harder to combat. These indirect consequences of conflict can undermine nutrition and public health and also has huge implications on the livelihoods, education and the prospects of economic growth (UDNP 2005:12). Diseases that include AIDS/HIV, avian flu, malaria, and tuberculosis have enormous effect human security. AIDS is the leading cause of death in Africa and forth worldwide, this daunting detail signifies the need to incorporate pandemics into our thinking of freedom against want. The displacement of people during conflict may also give rise to such pandemics. The security issue then becomes borderless and can result in more conflict and more loss of life. War also can cause detrimental effects on the environment causing large scale pollution of the land or air. The consequence of this can link disease and malnutrition straight to armed conflict, the UNDP declare that most of the 3.9 million people who have died in the Democratic republic of Congo is due to disease, spread by the desecration of the environment during the conflict (UNDP, 2005:45). This effect can be felt in areas for years after a conflict (e.g. The use of Agent Orange by the USA during the Vietnam war). Environmental degradation can also lead to a scarce amount of resources such as food or water consequently resulting in some sort of conflict. Human security as discussed is an array of concepts under the one heading, its hard to pinpoint yet when you are in the face of it the security issue is unmistakable. To try and secure everybody is ridiculous but the need to understand where the most vulnerable people are and try to help and secure them in the international realm is most important. We need to revamp our entire concept of national security and economic growth if we are to solve the problems of environmental decay. Falk 1971:185 Environmental security is one that over shadows all issues of security from national security to that of individual security. Climate change, the roots of it in human activities, is a fundamental challenge to all and the proportions of the security threat are essentially affecting everyone and everything. Climate change may lead to the aggravation of state conflicts due to the lack of non- renewable resources such as oil and gas. The affect that environmental change has on weather is another faction to be taken into consideration it can affect crop growth whether through drought or extensive rainfall. This can lead to food shortages and has become a global issue for leaders worldwide. There is no part of international relations the environmental problems do not potentially affect and has become a subject of high politics and has been discussed at G8 summits and meetings of political leaders (Baylis, Smith and Owen,2011) . Globalisation has been associated with the important issue of environmental security and how the international system will contend to deal with it has brought the approach of cooperation between governments back to the attention of international politics. Globalisation has also been to blame due to the strain on earths capacity to sustain the consumption levels, rising greenhouse gases and resource depletion. This global environment predicament posed to international theory will create a different view of international cooperation and another concept of security. The conclusion reiterates security is a contested concept and that a new wave of interpreting it is here. Security in the international realm is something of a challenge and really depends on what perspective you relate it to. For realism its all about national security of the state, power, self help and survival in the international system. Whereas for human security and environmental security the concept can be quite intertwined with conflict causing danger to human security and in turn affecting the environment which becomes cyclical and returns to affect individuals again. The same can be said for climate change as it is predominately us who are to blame and it is us who will have to deal with the consequences. In short we have to try and secure this planet for future generations otherwise all our other security issues are a farce in the face of what could escalate to a mammoth security problem.

Nobody Comes in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot :: Waiting for Godot Essays

Nobody Comes in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot: "nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it’s awful." When the play first opened, it was criticized for lacking meaning, structure, and common sense. These critics, however, failed to see that Beckett chose to have his play, Waiting for Godot, capture the feeling that the world has no apparent meaning. In this misunderstood masterpiece, Beckett asserts numerous existentialist themes. Beckett believed that existence is determined by chance. This basic existentialist tenet is first asserted in Vladimir’s discussion of a parable from the Bible. Of the two thieves crucified at the same time as Christ, one was saved and one was damned. Given this knowledge, Vladimir ponders: "†¦how is it†¦that of the four Evangelists only one speaks of a thief being saved. The four of them were there - or thereabouts - and only one speaks of a thief being saved†¦.Of the other three, two don’t mention any thieves at all and the third says that both of them abused [Christ]†¦.But all four were there." The reports of the Evangel ists shows that probability determines human life. That each Evangelist speaks of a different fate for the thieves prove the role of chance in our existence. It is generally accepted that one thief was saved and another one damned, which further illustrates the probability of life. In addition, Beckett expands on this paradox by stating, "Do not despair; one of the thieves was saved. Do not presume; one of the thieves was damned." Because fate is determined by chance, there is nothing anyone can do to insure their savior. In the play, it is stated that Godot himself beats the minder of sheep but cherishes the minder of goats. The arbitrariness of Godot’s decisions elude to the arbitrariness of life itself, raising questions over who will be saved and who will be damned. In the play, Pozzo remarks about his fate in comparison to Lucky’s: "Remark that I might easily have been in his shoes and he in mine. If chance had not willed it otherwise." In Stoppard’s play R osencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern flip a coin that escapes the natural laws of reason. Here, the existentialist viewpoint focuses on refuting probability in favor of chance. To many people, Godot symbolizes God. The name Godot even reflects an attenuated version of the word God. Godot’s silence but ubiquitous presence resembles that of God’s, and Vladimir and Estragon’s helplessness mirrors our own frailty.

Childhood Obesity Essay Introduction Essay

Introduction Obesity is a serious and major health complication contributing to 112,000 deaths annually most of which are preventable. Obesity is to a condition where excess fat has collected in the body has to the level of adversely affecting one’s health. There is no general agreement on the lowest explanations of obesity in adolescents and children. Therefore, most professionals accept the guidelines published on body mass index (BMI) to measure cases of overweight in children and adolescents. The increase of obesity among children in 2008 increased from 5 percent to 17 percent in the same year. This paper will focus to explore the causes of obesity in children and give methods on how it can be prevented. One is considered as obese or overweight when his or her body mass index BMI exceeds 30 kg/m2) (Flegal, 2000). Body mass index is obtained by measuring an individual’s weight in kilograms relative to his or her height in meters. Presently obesity is the widest spread medical problem affecting children and teenagers in developed countries like the United States. Other measure of obesity include: a) Weight-to-height tables- These tables define being overweight and give ranges for a healthy weight based on the height of a teenager or child. b) Body fat percentage- Fat a percentage of body weight, is a strong indicator of obesity. Boys are regarded obese when their body fat is above 25 percent and girls over 32 percent. Obesity has profound effects on the life of a patient by increasing the possibility of contracting variety of diseases. The following are health consequences of obesity according to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cancers (breast, endometrial and colon) Coronary heart disease Hypertension Stroke Type 2 diabetes Dyslipidemia Osteoarthritis Gallbladder and liver and disease Gynecological problems (infertility, abnormal menses) In addition to the health consequences above, obesity can also create social, as well as, emotional problems to an individual or patient due to the stigma associated with one being overweight. Causes of obesity Physical exercise and dieting are among the best ways for treating obesity. One can improve his or her diet quality by reducing the intake foods rich in energy, e.g. those high in sugars and fat and increasing the consumption of dietary fiber. Drugs such as anti- obesity medication drugs may be taken to lower appetite or inhibit the absorption of fat. A gastric balloon may enable one lose weight if exercise, medication and diet are not effective. Surgery may also be performed to lower stomach volume and or bowel length. This leads to earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food. Below are some of the major causes of obesity (Ferry, 2011). Physical inactivity- The increased use of computers, video games and televisions have largely contributed to an inactive lifestyle for many teenagers and children in developed countries like the U.S. On average, teenagers and children in the United States of America spend three hours daily watching television. This form of recreation not only uses little energy but also encourages eating of snacks. Only one-third of children in the United States have daily physical exercise education in school. Dietary habits- The eating habits of teenagers and children have shifted away from healthy foods such as vegetables and whole grains to enormous reliance on fast foods, sugary drinks and eating processed snacks. These foods tend to contain high levels of fat or calories but low in essential nutrients. Unhealthy eating habits include eating when not hungry, watching television while eating or eating while doing homework e.t.c. Genetic factors- Some families tend to have obesity. Parents who are obese tend to have obese children. It is very  crucial to note that obesity does not occur through genetics alone, but when one eats more calories than he or she uses. Socioeconomic status-Non working parents or families with low incomes are more likely to consume excess calories for a given level of activity. Specific medical conditions can cause obesity but are rare. This includes inherited disorders of metabolism, hormone or chemical imbalances. Certain medications can alter how the body stores fat or processes food, thus resulting to weight gain. There is limited evidence to support the fact that some people who are overweight eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism. Obese people require more energy expenditure than people who are thin due to the energy required to maintain their massive body mass. Conclusion Obesity is considered a major cause of deaths worldwide with increasing prevalence in children, teenagers and adults. The American Heart Association has guidelines for healthy children and families. It recommends that one should eat adequate calories and eat a wide variety of foods to obtain adequate nutrition. It also recommends that the total cholesterol taken per day should be less than 300mg. These guidelines are only applicable to children above two years of age. It is necessary for everyone in the family to apply these guidelines and not just those who are obese. Schools should introduce anti bullying campaign to assist overweight children. The biggest responsibility falls on parents to ensure their children observe healthy eating tips. References American Heart Association. â€Å"Dietary Recommendations for Healthy Children.† Apr. 19, 2012. . Ferry Jr., R.J., ed. Nutrition and Health: Management of Pediatric Obesity and Diabetes. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2011: 416. United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. â€Å"Childhood Overweight and Obesity.† Apr. 27, 2012. .

I’m the King of the Castle Essay

(i) With close reference to the passage, give evidence to show how Hooper knew that locking Kingshaw in the Red Room would scare him. From the beginning of this chapter three, we have already been exposed to the fears of the despondent young boy – Kingshaw. In this passage, Hooper welcomed the supposed to be honoured Kingshaw into the Red Room. When the door was opened wide for Kingshaw, he stepped a little into the room and then he stopped. While Hooper was standing â€Å"beside the doors, the keys in his hand†. With a tuck from Hooper’s challenge to go on into the room and look around, â€Å"Kingshaw stiffened and moved slowly towards the first of the glass cases† and then â€Å"drew in his breath sharply†. Hooper was watching him intently waiting for the next chance to attack his prey. Kingshaw also gave his fear away when he stuttered upon asking, â€Å"who†¦where did they come from?† while trying to act interested about the dead moths in that dark and dreary room. The despot’s wit took him nearer to his opportunity. He offered the small key to â€Å"open one of the cases† so that Kingshaw could touch them but Kingshaw was very overwhelmed by his fear that he replied Hooper with a straight â€Å"No.† four times. That only led himself deeper into the tyrant’s trap. Not only did Kingshaw’s answers betrayed himself, he also started â€Å"moving backwards† and â€Å"only wanted to get out of the room†. This incident in the room only brought Hooper to confirm his suspicion of Kingshaw having a fear for dead things. Hooper was first given an impression with his first attempt of scaring Kingshaw upon his first meeting with him. The young tyrant lied to the vulnerable Kingshaw about his grandfather dying in the room and on the bed that Kingshaw was about to use. At that time, the young boy was oblivious towards Hooper’s tormenting words. Yet, his reaction said a lot about his inner being. Kingshaw upon knowing of the past of his new bedroom only â€Å"went to the suitcase and squatted down†. It was very obvious to Hooper that he was trying to act as if the fact that someone died in his room did not scare him at all. At ten years old, any young boy would have protested for another room and demand a confirmation from an adult but Kingshaw just kept mum. Hooper put Kingshaw to another test of a dead creature again after watching the boy being attacked by the life crow. He confronted Kingshaw about his fear – â€Å"You were scared. You were running away.† The helpless Kingshaw then got reminded of his encounter with the scarlet red mouth of the carrion crow and was very agitated when he asked Hooper to â€Å"Shut up, shut up†. Kingshaw obviously didn’t want to recall that terrifying incident again. However, the scheming Hooper placed a stuffed crow on Kingshaw’s bed at night. As Kingshaw was already very afraid of his room, as he believed Hooper’s lie that his grandfather died in his bed, Hooper wanted to use the stuffed crow to make the terror of the attack of that crow return. Also, considering Hooper’s devious mind, I believe he also placed the stuffed crow on Kingshaw’s bed in the night also to create an impression on him that it could be Hooper’s dead grandfather. When Kingshaw saw the stuffed crow on his bed the next morning, he knew for sure that Hooper was behind it. He also developed a fear towards Hooper from this as he realized that that tyrant was capable of anything to scare him even more. Yet, Kingshaw was so afraid to put himself to shame if he ever did cry out for help as he remembered his father was laughing at him about his childhood fear of drowning. Kingshaw also knew that Hooper was waiting for him to scream and yell thus he decided to consume his fear so that he could get the overhand over this psychological battle against Hooper. Hence, we can see very clearly that Hooper did very careful planning and made specific interpretations about Kingshaw’s fear of dead things and yearns for the stronghold against Kingshaw and his emotions. Thus upon confirming Kingshaw’s fear, Hooper moves on to locking him in the Red Room with the dead moths and other stuffed animals with very dark surroundings enhanced by the rain and grey skies outside that creates a threatening mood in Kingshaw. (ii) Describe one other incident where Hooper preys on Kingshaw’s fears and discuss the effect of that incident on Kingshaw. Write with reference till where we stopped – Chapter 6. One other incident apart from that of locking Kingshaw in the Red Room on that rainy night, I believe very strongly that the stuffed crow created a very deep threat in Kingshaw’s life in Warings and he was bent on running away from his greatest fear right now – Edmund Hooper. Kingshaw was exceptionally traumatized from his attack of the living crow. It was like Hooper – aggressive, territorial and left no space for him to escape. The crow caused him â€Å"to scream in a queer, gasping sort of way† which shows us how terrified of the crow Kingshaw was. The crow seemed to have a craving to hurt him and Kingshaw was left totally helpless and almost unable to make a sound because of his terror and shock. The vicious attack of that crow showed how trapped and isolated Kingshaw was in Warings. Hence when Hooper exploits Kingshaw’s fear of the crow and dead things, Kingshaw started to have a fear for Hooper grow in him. Especially when he realizes that Hooper used the stuffed crow to terrorise him and also to hint to him about himself being kept under close observation and can be defeated anytime by a click of Hooper’s fingers. Although the living crow attacked Kingshaw physically, he knew very clearly that the stuffed crow was to attack him psychologically and that Hooper has had seen through his brave front. Kingshaw tried very hard to battle the fear inside him so that Hooper would not win him. However, after being locked inside the Red Room with all the dead animals, Kingshaw yearns for somewhere he can hide away from Hooper’s supervision. He hates Hooper now. Kingshaw did find a room of his own, his personal space in Warings somewhere that Hooper does not hold control of. It was a small room that â€Å"seemed never to have had any particular function of its own†. Although the room was small, Kingshaw was not afraid of it. The author was trying to tell us that the claustrophia was towards being locked up and not of minimal spaces. Kingshaw was actually fine with the idea about locking himself in that room full of antique dolls as a way of â€Å"defending himself† against Hooper. He only panics when somebody else locks him in a room, against his own will. His secret room was a very little room compared to Hooper’s confident Red Room. This tells a lot of Kingshaw’s insecurity and his sensitive and gentle character as the room was filled with a collection of female dolls. However, Kingshaw’s temporary sanctuary was not occupied for long, Hooper found his hiding place. His freedom was short-lived.

How to Attract Beneficial Bugs to a Garden

How to Attract Beneficial Bugs to a Garden Aphids, mites, thrips, and other insect pests can do some serious damage to plants in your garden. But dont worry, you dont need to reach for the pesticides to combat these tiny bugs. Try these recipes for attracting beneficial insects to your garden. Ladybugs, lacewings, and other good bugs will arrive for the free meal and stay to munch on the bad bugs. Homemade Wheast Wheast, a combination of whey and yeast, is used by commercial insectaries to feed ladybugs, lacewings, and other insects. You can buy this bug food from organic gardening suppliers, or you can make a homemade version, minus the whey. Ingredients: 1 part sugar1 part yeast Directions: Add water to the sugar and yeast, mixing until it becomes the consistency of a paste. Application: Apply the Wheast paste to small wooden stakes, and place them in the soil around your plants. Or, dilute the Wheast in water and apply it directly to your plants using a spray bottle. Sugar Spray A sugar-water solution applied to plants can dramatically increase your ladybug population in just a few days. Ingredients: 10 tablespoons sugar1 quart of warm water Directions: Dissolve sugar in water. Application: Use a spray bottle to apply the solution directly to plants infested with aphids or other soft-bodied insects. Beneficial Bug Food This recipe uses a little honey (made by bees!) to attract good bugs to your garden. Youll need to store it in your refrigerator, and dont keep it longer than a week. Ingredients: 1/2 cup sugar2 tsp. honey4 tbsp. brewers yeast2/3 cup of warm water Directions: Mix all ingredients together well. Application: Dilute two spoonfuls of the mixture in a quart of warm water. Use a spray bottle to apply the solution to your plants.

The History of Chair Design (18th century to current) Case Study

The History of Chair Design (18th century to current) - Case Study Example A chair refers to a structure, which is raised from the surface, is stable, and is commonly used by one person to sit (Dampierre 5). The actual and historic sense of the term chair is the fact that it is supported by mostly three or four legs and has a back. However, the chair can have a different shape depending on the chair’s specifications criteria. Even though it has been stated that a chair has a back, some form of chairs such as stool do not have a back. Chairs do have various designs depending on the culture and the surrounding environment. The chair design may have drilled holes for decoration, low gaps or back for ventilation, or may be made of porous materials (Greene 21). The history of chair is as old as the history of humankind; chairs have been used in many centuries. Although chair is of extreme simplicity and antiquity, for many years it was used more as an article or item of dignity and state especially among the kings. However, this has changed over time with chair becoming a structure of ordinary use. It is undisputable that chair design has evolved in terms of design and technology. Therefore, this discussion will focus on the history of chair design in particular reference from the 18th century to the current. To begin with, it is important to consider the essence of design in chair just like in any other article or structure. Chair design puts into consideration the intended purpose and usage of the chair, stackability, weight, stain resistance, foldability, artistic design, durability, and ergonomics, which emphasizes on how comfortable the occupant of the chair is. The seating position of the occupant is determined by the intended usage (Fiell 15-16). As such, there are various designs for intended usage. For instance, easy chairs are most suitable for entertainment activities such as watching movies or television, task chairs are designed for specific persons depending on the nature of their work. Therefore, the essence of chair design is to ensure that certain purposes are met in addition to facilitating that the occupant of the chair is comfortable. The logic behind ergonomic design is to ensure that the occupant’s weight is distributed to different parts of the body. Chair design should therefore be in such a way that it does not compromise the occupants comfort and performance of tasks. Factors such as the height of the seat are very important and needs to be considered during the designing of chair (Fiell 28). This is because a chair, which is higher, may lead to feet dangling thus increasing pressure on the knees’ underside. On the other hand, a lower chair may result to shifting of too much weight towards the seat bones. The period from 18th century to current has witnessed major innovations about chair designs. Wood workers played a very critical role in these innovations. The most notable one is Thomas Chippendale who even left his own design marks the history of chair. The chairs by Chippendale were designed artistically; legs, splats, and carved back pieces were proportioned well. Most of Chippendale’s chairs have either square legs or cabriole. Chippendale design dominated most of the 18th century. The design reflected the some of the English tastes of that time and incorporated Chinese, Gothic, and English motifs (Raizman 9). The cabriole leg was Chippendale’s signature form. The cabriole design mostly employed the Queen Anne- style. There are six different Chippendale style legs namely-

Answer the two questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer the two questions - Essay Example s the executive sword (commander in chief of the country’s armed forces) and the legislature purse (which endorses all the government’s spending measures and tax). The only thing the judiciary possesses is the ability to judge. Because of its weakness, it is protected from the other two branches of the government (the legislature and the executive) by the U.S. Constitution. According to Hamilton, making the judges permanent through the Constitution makes sure that they cannot be changed according to the executive’s or the legislature’s interests (law.jrank.org, 2011). In conclusion, the Federalist 78 aimed at making sure that the judiciary was protected from interests of the executive or the legislature. This is because it was the weakest of the government branches and it did not possess the purse of the legislature and the sword of the executive. The only power left for the judiciary was the ability to judge. In Hamilton’s essay Federalist 78, the judiciary was supposed to be provided with the judicial review power. This is to enable it to declare laws that deemed unconstitutional as not binding (law.jrank.org, 2011). The judicial review power is important for the judiciary since it is the one that is capable of interpreting the law and the constitution. In other words, the judicial review power serves the purpose of protecting the particular privileges or rights of the American people. The purpose of the judicial review power given was to protect the particular privileges or rights of the people as indicated in the Constitution. In order to protect these rights, the judiciary has to be given the judicial review power to declare any law that is unconstitutional null and void. There are other people who claim that the judiciary has been given power superior to that of the executive and the legislature. However, the people’s power is superior to that of the government branches, and the role of the judiciary is to make sure that the legislature does

Competing with Giants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Competing with Giants - Essay Example For example, Honda had to spend aggressively in order to identify customer needs and wants. While the local manufacturer of scooters, Bajaj had a competitive advantage over Honda as the company was aware that consumers in India wanted a low cost, durable and easily accessible and maintainable machines. Bajaj had been around for so many years that it was able to establish and maintain a good relationship with customers and was well aware about society trends. Another distinguishing factor between Bajaj and Honda was the element of supply chain. Bajaj relied on itself to distributing motor scooters while Honda relied on local producer. â€Å" Strategic intent is to provide the company a focus for developing strategic plans that allow the firm to move closer to achieving the strategic intent. Strategic plans focus on means to the end, while strategic intent clearly defines the ends and leaves the means unconstrained. Strategic intent leaves room for improvisation and opens innovation opportunities†. These plans have to be understood by every employee in the company to unite than and follow the company’s commander, in order to attain firm’s goals. It also provides an indication of the firm’s techniques which make the firm unique in managing business or outlines an organization’s priorities. It can be distinguished through experience or by knowing how the firm is tending to handle business in comparison to its competitors. For example, Starbucks has realized the importance of high quality of coffee beans that are imported from Brazil and a lovely atmosphere enables a customer to enjoy their coffee. The organization offers a variety of coffee and has employed highly experienced coffee producers while employing specialized equipment’s in order to meet consumer expectations. It even allows consumers to buy their products from anywhere. These are signs of a firm’s

Environmental policy Essay Example for Free

Environmental policy Essay Environmental policy cant be based solely on efficiency arguments. Issues of ethics are at least as important. Discuss The above statement is true to a certain extent and in the course of this essay a balanced discussion will be presented in the hope that the outcomes will prove this to be true. To begin, the thoughts of some Russian intellectuals will be put forwards on the subject of Utilitarianism and why efficiency is self-destructive in the long run, thus supporting the statement Environmental policy cant be based solely on efficiency arguments. To lead on from this there will be a dialogue as to the problems faced by old command and control (hence forth referred to as CAC) policies such as direct regulation and emissions fees from an efficiency and ethical viewpoint. Then, these methods of environmental policy and the ideas of Ronald Coase will be highlighted as an example of ethical influence in possible environmental policy as well as from an efficiency standpoint. Following this will be an outlining of the development of the U.S Tradable permits approach to air pollution control and the ethical influences therein. Taking the ethical issues point raised in the title statement one step further then leads onto the idea of ethical considerations. These have been based around an anthropocentric perspective, thus far and so at this point some views from an eco-centric stance will be considered. To do this, A. Leopolds The Land Ethic will be looked at. The rights of nature will be brought under the umbrella of Ethical issues and discussed from a policy perspective. What economists mean by economic efficiency, is that in an ideal economic system, goods worth more than they cost to produce get produced, goods worth less than they cost to produce do not. (D. Friedman. 2004) This holds firm throughout this discussion, along with the idea of efficiency as it is defined as both: The production of the desired effects or results with minimum waste of time, effort or skill, (dictionary.com 2004) and as A measure of effectiveness; specifically, the useful work output divided by the energy input in any system (dictionary.com 2004). In different aspects of environmental policy, these different definitions of efficiency hold true, though it is clear that they all have the same thing in mind when referring to efficiency. As it Stands, Utilitarianism (the theory of Jeremy Bentham) is an example of efficiency if it were to be applied to policy. Valdimir Odoevsky, one of the most brilliant and influential representatives of progressive thought [in Russia] (A. F rolova 1998) of his time, produced a development of the utilitarian theory of J. Bentham, which is illustrated in Alla Frolovas article Ecological reasoning: Ethical alternatives. The utilitarian approach to life as put across by Odoevsky, who states that utility is an essential driving force of all human actions, (A. Frolova 1998) it is said to be the driving force for all laws, legislations, activities and morals. It is also suggested that under the notion of utilitarianism, utility should be allowed to take the place of all notions of so called consciousness, so called inborn feeling, all poetical dreams and fantasies. This is a very powerful tool for the representation of efficiency as the sole driver of any policy decisions, even environmental ones, however it is a valid viewpoint where ethics is not taken into consideration. Odoevsky talks of a civilization called Benthamia where under the concept of utility everything runs in a sustainable way. However it is when a new civilization is founded outside of Benthamia that the problems associated with a system void of ethics emerge. Through the use of political intrigues, deceit, and bribery, as well as organizing quarrels among any rival civilizations that emerge in order to weaken them for the benefit of Benthamia, the Benthamites extend their power. After they have sufficiently weakened a civilization to the point where that civilization is of no further use to Benthamia, the weakened civilization is taken into full possession either by the acquisition of it (at the cheapest efficient price) or by the use of force. All of these points are seen to be ethically wrong in todays world where ethics is A set of principles of right conduct (A. Frolova 1998) and even when there is a call for utilization of deserted islands (A. Frolova 1998) rather than taking over the crushed neighbors of Benthamia, the suggestions are condemned and those who put them forwards are said to be idle dreamers (A. Frolova 1998). In Odoevskys vision of utilitarianism, Benthamia is torn apart from within due to different self interests associated with differing social situations throughout the growing civilization and as it is put by Odoevsky One day glorious Benthamia ceased to exist. (A. Frolova 1998) Odoevsky perceives nature as sensitive and responsive in regard to human morals and this representation of efficiency as the sole driver of decision making shows that ethics are important in every aspect of what we do. Less extreme examples of efficiency in environmental policy can be seen when looking at cases such as the policy relating to dealing with the inefficiencies associated with the production of steel. Classic approaches to the problem of the externalities of steel production include direct regulation by the government based on telling the steel industry how much they can pollute, as well as emission fees (called Pigouvian taxes). Emission fees are based around the concept of charging steel companies for the damage done by its pollution. The idea of direst regulation is seen to be an inefficient environmental policy whereas emission fees are said to produce an efficient amount of steel as well as an efficient amount of pollution control. In the real world however emission fees policy is not efficient as it is difficult to measure what the damage caused is as well as it being inefficient to spend time looking for the damage caused. These two policies are based around the idea of efficiency in the steel industry (as an example), though with the insight of R. Coase and the introduction of what many have dubbed Coase Theorem social cost can be associated with efficiency to create a better overall way of viewing the problem of externalities through the introduction of property rights. Rather than a system whereby the government defines the measures that need to be taken by industry or where it is left to the polluter to deal with the control methods as with the previously mentioned CAC policies, the idea of Coases theorem defines a policy where, if transaction costs are zero if, in other words, any agreement that is in the mutual benefit of the parties concerned gets made, then any initial definition of property rights leads to an efficient outcome (D. Friedman. 2004) The way that his argument is put across in the article entitled the Swedes get it right is based around the cost of abatement of pollution in a steel factory Vs. the cost of changing downwind land use from a resort to a timber forest. The article, written by D. Friedman, puts forwards a very efficient environmental policy whereby the distribution of property rights leads to the internalization of externalities and the most cost effective outcome on a social level. Under the notion of Coase theorem, if it is cheaper for the resort to pay the factory for the cost of pollution abatement rather than change his own land use then this should be done, producing a situation where everybody is happy and the overall conditions are more desirable. This efficiency based policy is seen to be an advancement of old efficiency based policy though there are still problems associated with it due to the fact that ethics are not considered. One of the largest problems noted by Coase is the idea of the Public Good Problem (D. Friedman. 2004). If there are many different people living downwind of a factory and they contribute to the abatement of the pollution, then if one person does not pay because doing so wont make a difference to whether the abatement is paid or not and the abatement does go through, then that person is seen to be a free rider (D. Friedman. 2004) getting abatement for free. This is why air pollution in Southern California still persists, as there are millions of people living in the area it is hard to get a situation where everyone pays for the abatement of pollution and it is not possible to re-locate this vast number of people. Coase argues that it is not the externalities that essentially create the problem, but t hat it is the transaction costs. A policy approach to the environment that has taken ethical issues into consideration can be seen in the US formation of a tradable permit approach to air pollution control. In the discussion about the US system ethical consideration is defined in either of two contexts: (1) when the decisions seem to reflect altruistic concerns which transcend self-interest and (2) when the decisions seem to provide special treatment to rights which seem to have a special moral justification (T. Tietenberg. 1998). The emissions trading program is set out as a straight forwards, flexible market based policy where the trading of permits is allowed and efficiency is increased due to the self interests of the participating industries. Through the acquisition of an emission reduction credit (ERC) (T. Tietenberg. 1998) this trading can take place and to acquire this ERC a company must lower its emissions to a point below the required level put forwards by the Clean air act. Further efficiency is establish ed by the way that the ERC system allows new firms to come into the market, thus, by introducing the offset policy EPA [the Environmental protection agency] allowed economic growth to continue whilst insuring progress toward attainment. (T. Tietenberg. 1998) The efficiency of the tradable permits system can be seen by analysis, which concluded that the proposed 0.01 g per leaded gallon (gplg) standard would result in $36 billion ($1983) in benefits (from reduced adverse health effects) at an estimated cost to refining industry of $2.6 billion. (T. Tietenberg. 1998) As well as being implemented at a national level. Tradable permit systems have also been applied at a regional scale, with air pollution in California being an example of this. RECLAIM (Regional Clean Air Incentives Market) shifts the burden of identifying the appropriate control strategies from the control authorities to the polluter (a point that made direct regulation an inefficient policy based solution, as previously mentioned), and thus the system again proves to be effective due to the fact that now, pollution prevention is given an economic underpinning. Along with these examples off efficiency, the tradable permits system, when compared to emissions charges and emissi on standards comes out as a far more effective environmental policy. Ethics can be observed in the Tradable permits approach however, and evidence seen in the paper Ethical influences on the evolution of the US tradable permit approach to air control suggests that ethical considerations have played a role in shaping the environmental objective, the choice of instruments, the definition of the tradable commodity, the treatment of shutdown credits, the relationship to traditional regulation and the rules governing permit trades. Thus it is the opinion of the author T. Tietenberg, that ethical influences on the evolution of the US tradable permit approach have been blended with pragmatic and political concerns to forge a compromise approach (T. Tietenberg. 1998). This means that even if ethical issues are considered they do not hold as much weight as efficiency arguments and result in efficiency bias compromises. This can be seen in the case of shut down credits. Among the various ways of creating credits this has been the most controversial point. It is controversial, ethically, because the economic incentive should be targeted at positive actions to reduce pollution through the investment of new control equipment and not through shut-down (which is where a factory is shut down to create a large number of tradable ERCs). As a result the compromise has produced a situation whereby all shut-down credits either revert to the control authority or they could be freely transferred to buyers (T. Tietenberg. 1998). This is a result that doesnt stop the process of shut-downs (as would be ethically acceptable) but allows the process to continue but with efficient outcomes rather than hoarding of ERCs. The ethical issues that have been represented in the case study of Tradable permits in the US have been examples of human-centric ethics focusing on welfare. Some environmentalists, such as A. Leopold focus more on eco-centric ethics and present an argument that through social evolution the land itself should be considered as a member of the community which is taken into account in environmental policy. Leopold, in his article, The Land Ethic explains his concept and the problems associated with achieving this goal. It is said to be the case that our educational and economic system is heading away from, rather than towards an intense consciousness of land (A. Leopold. 1949) . Leopold shows through the use of specific examples how there are essentially two different types of conversationalists, as Leopold puts it there are the economic value grabbers (A. Leopold. 1949) and those that see land as biota (A. Leopold. 1949) and worry about the secondary functions of things such as forests . Leopold gives a good illustration of this through the use of sport and meat. Group A, the economic value grabbers, when presented with the idea, will think efficiently about the subject, being satisfied with the thought that these are things that come from nature. Group B however, worries about biotic side issues, for example the cost in predators of producing a game crop. Whereas the ideas associated with Coases theorem are related to the health issues and other things that affect humans living downwind of the factory, it is the conclusion of Leopold that, A land ethic, then, reflects the existence of an ecological conscience, and this in turn reflects a conviction of individual responsibility for the health of the land (A. Leopold. 1949). This view holds that the land is to be conserved or protected as some sustainability policies are currently leading towards. It is the opinion of Leopold that sustainability policy should be based around ideas of eco-centric ethics rather than being based around the idea that it is a necessity to promote sustainable polici es from a human centric point of view. To conclude it can be said that efficiency is still the main focus of environmental policy making however over time the emergence of ethics in policy has emerged, though ethical issues are not considered to be at least as important as efficiency arguments. It has been said that without some kind of ethic (a theory of right and responsibility) and some kind of axiology (or value theory) we lack guidance and direction for tackling problems, whether global, environmental, or otherwise (R. Attfield. 1999). The discussion in this essay has led towards an outcome that supports the statement to a certain degree. It has been shown through the use of the utilitarian argument and some CAC policy methods that efficiency is not the only thing that has to be considered in environmental policy making, and the US case-study supports the notion that a certain amount of ethics has to be involved. But the nature of the ethics that is applied is essentially Human-centric and to consider ethical issues in environmental policy to be as important as efficiency the idea of a land ethic is an important one. As Leopold says himself the idea of a land ethic is not yet public opinion and in fact is only being kept alive by a minority who has revolted against modern trends of efficiency and human-centric ethics. Ethical issues are not as important as efficiency arguments in environmental policy though if the land ethic were to become a popular opinion through re-education and a shift in social thinking then there is a hope that in time the statement will be completely justified. References A. Leopold (1949) The Land Ethic. In: A Second County Almanac. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Alla Frolova (1998) Ecological reasoning: Ethical alternatives. Ecological Economics, 24. p.169-182. Dictionary.com (2004) http://dictionary.reference.com/ David Friedman The Swedes get it right. http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/The_Swedes.html (2004) Robin Attfield (1983) The Ethics of Environmental Concern. Basil Blackwell. Oxford. Robin Attfield (1998) Existence value and intrinsic value. Ecological Economics, 24. p. 163-168 Robin Attfield (1999) The Ethics of the Global Environment. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh. Robert Elliot (1995) Environmental Ethics. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Tom Tietenberg (1998) Ethical influences on the evolution of the US tradable permit approach to air pollution control. Ecological Economics, 24. p. 241-257. Student no. 00020854702E